M
Type spectral

M
Effective temperature
2,000–3,500 K
Rayon solaire
≤ 0.7 R
Masse solaire
0.08–0.45 M

En astronomie, une étoile rouge de la séquence principale, appelée communément naine rouge, est une étoile de type spectral M V (lire « M cinq »), c'est-à-dire une étoile appartenant à la séquence principale (classe de luminosité V) de type spectral M (étoile rouge). Les étoiles K dites tardives (naines orange les plus froides) sont parfois incluses parmi les naines rouges. Ces étoiles sont peu massives et de température peu élevée. Ayant une masse comprise entre 0,075 et 0,4 masse solaire et une température inférieure à 4 000 K en surface, ce sont des étoiles peu lumineuses, les plus grosses d'entre elles émettant de l'ordre de 10 % de la luminosité solaire. En dessous de 0,08 M☉, on a affaire à un objet substellaire, à une naine brune ou à une planète géante gazeuse. La limite entre étoile naine rouge et naine brune de type spectral M est généralement au niveau du type M 6.5. Les naines rouges seraient de loin les étoiles les plus nombreuses de l'Univers. Les modèles stellaires actuels les décrivent comme entièrement convectives, c'est-à-dire que l'hydrogène est constamment brassé par convection dans l'ensemble de l'étoile de sorte que l'hélium issu de la réaction proton-proton au cœur de l'astre ne peut s'y accumuler. Les naines rouges pourraient ainsi briller de façon relativement constante pendant des centaines de milliards d'années, c'est-à-dire plusieurs dizaines de fois l'âge de l'Univers, ce qui signifie que toutes les naines rouges actuelles n'en seraient qu'au début de leur existence.

Uses material from the Wikipedia article "Naine rouge", which is released under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0.
Objet céleste Distance Wiki
AD LeonisÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Radio-source, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM16[x]
AnserÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM297[x]
AntaresÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Star in Nebula, Région HII, Infra-Red source, Milieu interstellaire, Nébuleuse par réflexion, UV-emission sourceM553[x]
Barnard's StarÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM6[x]
BD+21 652Étoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM37[x]
Beta GruisÉtoile, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, UV-emission source, Variable StarM177[x]
BetelgeuseÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Supergéante rouge, sub-millimetric source, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable StarM498[x]
CD-37 15492Étoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM14[x]
Eta SagittariiÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable StarM146[x]
EZ AquariiÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM11[x]
G 139-21Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM42[x]
GacruxÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM89[x]
Gamma HydriÉtoile, Infra-Red source, UV-emission source, Variable StarM215[x]
Gamma PhoenicisÉtoile, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, High proper-motion Star, Étoile binaire, Variable StarM233[x]
Gorgonea TertiaÉtoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable StarM308[x]
Groombridge 34Étoile, Étoile binaire, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM12[x]
IL AquariiÉtoile, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM15[x]
KY CygniÉtoile, Étoile carbonée, Infra-Red source, Long-period variable star, Maser, Supergéante rouge, Variable StarM5000[x]
Lacaille 8760Étoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM13[x]
Lacaille 9352Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Pre-main sequence Star, Variable StarM11[x]
Lalande 21185Étoile, Double or multiple star, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Rotationally variable Star, X-ray sourceM9[x]
LFT 377Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM39[x]
LHS 2Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM15[x]
LHS 2037Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM38[x]
LHS 2065Étoile, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Radio-sourceM28[x]
LHS 2335Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM58[x]
LHS 2459Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM17[x]
LHS 281Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM56[x]
LHS 292Étoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM15[x]
LHS 449Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Pre-main sequence Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM15[x]
LP 944-020Étoile, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Quasar, Radio-sourceM16[x]
Luyten's StarÉtoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM12[x]
MirachÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable StarM197[x]
Mu AquilaeÉtoile, Infra-Red source, Variable Star of Mira Cet type, Variable StarM107[x]
Nu HydraeÉtoile, Infra-Red source, Long-period variable star, Variable StarM143[x]
PropusÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Étoile binaire, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM120[x]
ProximaÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM132[x]
R DoradusÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable StarM203[x]
RasalgethiÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Étoile binaire, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM360[x]
Ross 128Étoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM11[x]
Ross 154Étoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM9[x]
Ross 248Étoile, Variable of BY Dra type, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM10[x]
Ross 33Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM30[x]
Ross 614Étoile, Double or multiple star, Emission-line Star, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM13[x]
Ross 780Étoile, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM15[x]
Ross 905Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, X-ray sourceM33[x]
S PerseiÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Maser, Supergéante rouge, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable StarM...[x]
TapiaVariable Star of Mira Cet typeM121[x]
Teegarden's StarÉtoile, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM12[x]
TZ ArietisÉtoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM15[x]
UCAC2 23395816Étoile, Infra-Red source, Pre-main sequence Star, X-ray sourceM473[x]
UV CetiÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM8[x]
V1581 CygniÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM15[x]
VV CepheiÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Eclipsing binary of Algol type (detached), Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Étoile binaire, Variable StarM2452[x]
VY Canis MajorisÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Maser, Pulsating variable Star, Supergéante rouge, sub-millimetric source, Variable Star, Star suspected of VariabilityM1833[x]
Wolf 1061Étoile, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM14[x]
Wolf 1329Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, X-ray sourceM29[x]
Wolf 359Étoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM7[x]
Wolf 424Étoile, Double or multiple star, Star in Cluster, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM14[x]
Wolf 562Étoile, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM21[x]
Wolf 718Étoile, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM25[x]
WX Ursae MajorisÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM16[x]
Yed PriorÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, UV-emission source, Variable StarM171[x]
YZ CetiÉtoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, S Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM12[x]
ZaurakÉtoile, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, UV-emission source, Variable StarM203[x]
12 CepheiÉtoile, Star in Cluster, Infra-Red sourceM458
2e 604Étoile, Étoile éruptive, Infra-Red source, X-ray sourceM68
2MASS J03285769+3119481Étoile, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM1364
2MASS J03290015+3121092Étoile, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM1187
2MASS J03290794+3122515Étoile, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar Object, Young Stellar ObjectM1322
2MASS J03291018+3127159Étoile, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Naine brune, Infra-Red source, Young Stellar ObjectM1253
2MASS J03292204+3124153Étoile, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM1265
2MASS J03293286+3127126Étoile, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar Object, Young Stellar ObjectM1285
2MASS J04293913+3516197Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2584
2MASS J04294419+3512301Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2572
2MASS J04294641+3519546Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2576
2MASS J04294853+3512125Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2593
2MASS J04295586+3510161Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2591
2MASS J04295853+3516172Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2609
2MASS J04300412+3516272Étoile, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM2595
2MASS J04300584+3517005Étoile, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM2597
2MASS J04300744+3517541Étoile, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2554
2MASS J04300782+3514091Étoile, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM2596
2MASS J04300819+3517234Étoile, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2553
2MASS J04300897+3514325Étoile, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM2575
2MASS J04300995+3515377Étoile, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2573
2MASS J04301274+3517210Étoile, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2577
2MASS J04301307+3521397Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2566
2MASS J04301631+3515238Étoile, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2551
2MASS J04301658+3515419Étoile, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2569
2MASS J04301948+3517238Étoile, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM2604
2MASS J04301984+3514208Étoile, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2598
2MASS J04301989+3514379Étoile, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2611
2MASS J04302267+3519081Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2612
2MASS J04303043+3518338Étoile, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, Young Stellar ObjectM2607
2MASS J04303179+3511043Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2557
2MASS J04303668+3517173Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2613
2MASS J04303958+3511128Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), Young Stellar ObjectM2608
2MASS J05334918-0523023Star in Cluster, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Étoile variable de type T TauriM1251
2MASS J05341387-0536353Étoile, Star in Cluster, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Variable Star of irregular type, Étoile variable de type T TauriM1287