M
恒星光谱

M
有效溫度
2,000–3,500 K
太阳半径
≤ 0.7 R
太阳质量
0.08–0.45 M

紅矮星,也就是M型主序星(MV),根據赫羅圖,「紅矮星」在眾多處於主序階段的恆星當中,其大小及溫度均相對較小和低,在光譜分類方面屬於M型。它們在恆星中的數量較多,大多數紅矮星的直徑及質量均低於太陽的三分一,表面溫度也低於3,500 K。釋出的光也比太陽弱得多,有時更可低於太陽光度的萬分之一。又由於內部的氫元素核聚變的速度緩慢,因此它們也擁有較長的壽命。质量低于0.35太阳质量的红矮星会有充分的对流,氦元素会在恒星内部均匀分布,而不会在核心累积,紅矮星不會膨脹成紅巨星,而逐步收縮,直至氫氣耗盡。 它们会保持稳定的光度和光谱持续数千亿年,由于现在宇宙的年龄有限,还没有红矮星发展到之后的阶段。 此外人們又發現,不含「金屬」的紅矮星只佔很少(在天文學裡,「金屬」是指氫和氦以外的重元素),而根據「大爆炸」理論的預測,第一代恆星應只擁有氫、氦及鋰元素,如果這些早期恆星包括紅矮星,這些「純正」的紅矮星至今天定能繼續觀測得到,而事實卻不然,含有「金屬」的恆星佔了紅矮星的大多數。現時廣為接納的解釋是,質量較低的恆星需要在存在重元素的環境下方能形成,因此宇宙形成初期的「純正」低質量原恆星定不能發生核聚變反應,要等待收集足夠的重元素,方能發光發熱。因此在宇宙形成時,能發光的第一代恆星定擁有超高質量,它們擁有極短壽命,在經過超新星爆發後,重元素得以產生,成為形成低質量恆星的所需物質。 宇宙眾多恆星中,紅矮星佔了大多數,大約73%左右。 离太阳最近的65颗恒星中有50颗是红矮星。例如離太陽最近的恆星,半人馬座的南門二比鄰星,便是一顆紅矮星,其光譜分類為M5,視星等11.0。 至2005年,人們首度在紅矮星身上,發現有太陽系外行星圍繞旋轉,第一顆行星的質量與海王星差不多,日距約為600萬公里(0.04天文單位),其表面度約為攝氏150°C。2006年,人們又發現一顆與土星差不多的行星繞著另一顆紅矮星旋轉,這顆行星的日距為3.9億公里(2.6天文單位),表面溫度為攝氏零下220°C。

Uses material from the Wikipedia article "紅矮星", which is released under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0.
Astronomical object 距离Wiki
7 CetiStar, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, Variable StarM447[x]
AntaresStar, Double or multiple star, Star in Nebula, 电离氢区, Infra-Red source, 星际物质, 反射星雲, UV-emission sourceM553[x]
AU MicroscopiiStar, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM33[x]
Barnard's StarStar, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM6[x]
BD+21 652Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM37[x]
Beta GruisStar, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, UV-emission source, Variable StarM177[x]
BetelgeuseStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, 紅超巨星, sub-millimetric source, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable StarM498[x]
CD-37 15492Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM14[x]
CM DraconisStar, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, 聯星, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, 聯星, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM48[x]
DT VirginisStar, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable of RS CVn type, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM36[x]
Epsilon MuscaeStar, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable StarM302[x]
EQ PegasiStar, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM20[x]
Eta SagittariiStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable StarM146[x]
EZ AquariiStar, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM11[x]
F CentauriStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Variable StarM494[x]
G 139-21Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM42[x]
G 99-49Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, X-ray sourceM18[x]
GacruxStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM89[x]
Gamma HydriStar, Infra-Red source, UV-emission source, Variable StarM215[x]
Gamma PhoenicisStar, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, High proper-motion Star, 聯星, Variable StarM233[x]
Gorgonea TertiaStar, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable StarM308[x]
Groombridge 34Star, 聯星, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM12[x]
HR 2028Star, Infra-Red source, Variable StarM771[x]
IL AquariiStar, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM15[x]
KY CygniStar, 碳星, Infra-Red source, 長週期變星, 激微波, 紅超巨星, Variable StarM5000[x]
Lacaille 8760Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM13[x]
Lacaille 9352Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Pre-main sequence Star, Variable StarM11[x]
Lalande 21185Star, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Rotationally variable Star, X-ray sourceM9[x]
LFT 6Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM38[x]
LHS 2Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM15[x]
LHS 2037Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM38[x]
LHS 2065Star, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Radio-sourceM28[x]
LHS 2335Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM58[x]
LHS 2459Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM17[x]
LHS 281Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM56[x]
LHS 292Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM15[x]
LHS 449Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Pre-main sequence Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM15[x]
Luyten's StarStar, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM12[x]
MirachStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable StarM197[x]
Mu AquilaeStar, Infra-Red source, Variable Star of Mira Cet type, Variable StarM107[x]
Nu HydraeStar, Infra-Red source, 長週期變星, Variable StarM143[x]
PropusStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, 聯星, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM120[x]
R CentauriStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Variable Star of Mira Cet type, Variable StarM1255[x]
R DoradusStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable StarM203[x]
RasalgethiStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, 聯星, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM360[x]
Ross 128Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM11[x]
Ross 154Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM9[x]
Ross 248Star, Variable of BY Dra type, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM10[x]
Ross 33Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM30[x]
Ross 780Star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM15[x]
Ross 905Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, X-ray sourceM33[x]
S PerseiStar, Double or multiple star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, 激微波, 紅超巨星, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable StarM...[x]
Stein 2051Star, Double or multiple star, High proper-motion StarM18[x]
Teegarden's StarStar, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Infra-Red source, High proper-motion StarM12[x]
TZ ArietisStar, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM15[x]
UCAC2 23395816Star, Infra-Red source, Pre-main sequence Star, X-ray sourceM473[x]
UV CetiStar, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM8[x]
V1581 CygniStar, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM15[x]
VV CepheiStar, Double or multiple star, Eclipsing binary of Algol type (detached), Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, 聯星, Variable StarM2452[x]
VY Canis MajorisStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, 激微波, Pulsating variable Star, 紅超巨星, sub-millimetric source, Variable Star, Star suspected of VariabilityM1833[x]
W CygniStar, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable StarM570[x]
Wolf 1061Star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM14[x]
Wolf 1329Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, X-ray sourceM29[x]
Wolf 359Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM7[x]
Wolf 424Star, Double or multiple star, Star in Cluster, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM14[x]
Wolf 562Star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable StarM21[x]
Yed PriorStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, UV-emission source, Variable StarM171[x]
YZ CetiStar, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, S Star, Variable Star, X-ray sourceM12[x]
ZaurakStar, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, UV-emission source, Variable StarM203[x]
12 CepheiStar, Star in Cluster, Infra-Red sourceM458
2e 604Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, X-ray sourceM68
2MASS J03285769+3119481Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M1364
2MASS J03290015+3121092Star, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M1187
2MASS J03290794+3122515Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體, 初期恆星體M1322
2MASS J03291018+3127159Star, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), 棕矮星, Infra-Red source, 初期恆星體M1253
2MASS J03292204+3124153Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M1265
2MASS J03293286+3127126Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體, 初期恆星體M1285
2MASS J04293913+3516197Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2584
2MASS J04294419+3512301Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2572
2MASS J04294641+3519546Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2576
2MASS J04294853+3512125Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2593
2MASS J04295586+3510161Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2591
2MASS J04295853+3516172Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2609
2MASS J04300412+3516272Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M2595
2MASS J04300584+3517005Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M2597
2MASS J04300744+3517541Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2554
2MASS J04300782+3514091Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M2596
2MASS J04300819+3517234Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2553
2MASS J04300897+3514325Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M2575
2MASS J04300995+3515377Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2573
2MASS J04301274+3517210Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2577
2MASS J04301307+3521397Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2566
2MASS J04301631+3515238Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2551
2MASS J04301658+3515419Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2569
2MASS J04301948+3517238Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M2604
2MASS J04301984+3514208Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2598
2MASS J04301989+3514379Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2611
2MASS J04302267+3519081Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2612
2MASS J04303043+3518338Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體M2607
2MASS J04303179+3511043Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體M2557