M
恒星光谱
2,000–3,500 K
≤ 0.7 R☉
0.08–0.45 M☉
紅矮星,也就是M型主序星(MV),根據赫羅圖,「紅矮星」在眾多處於主序階段的恆星當中,其大小及溫度均相對較小和低,在光譜分類方面屬於M型。它們在恆星中的數量較多,大多數紅矮星的直徑及質量均低於太陽的三分一,表面溫度也低於3,500 K。釋出的光也比太陽弱得多,有時更可低於太陽光度的萬分之一。又由於內部的氫元素核聚變的速度緩慢,因此它們也擁有較長的壽命。质量低于0.35太阳质量的红矮星会有充分的对流,氦元素会在恒星内部均匀分布,而不会在核心累积,紅矮星不會膨脹成紅巨星,而逐步收縮,直至氫氣耗盡。 它们会保持稳定的光度和光谱持续数千亿年,由于现在宇宙的年龄有限,还没有红矮星发展到之后的阶段。 此外人們又發現,不含「金屬」的紅矮星只佔很少(在天文學裡,「金屬」是指氫和氦以外的重元素),而根據「大爆炸」理論的預測,第一代恆星應只擁有氫、氦及鋰元素,如果這些早期恆星包括紅矮星,這些「純正」的紅矮星至今天定能繼續觀測得到,而事實卻不然,含有「金屬」的恆星佔了紅矮星的大多數。現時廣為接納的解釋是,質量較低的恆星需要在存在重元素的環境下方能形成,因此宇宙形成初期的「純正」低質量原恆星定不能發生核聚變反應,要等待收集足夠的重元素,方能發光發熱。因此在宇宙形成時,能發光的第一代恆星定擁有超高質量,它們擁有極短壽命,在經過超新星爆發後,重元素得以產生,成為形成低質量恆星的所需物質。 宇宙眾多恆星中,紅矮星佔了大多數,大約73%左右。 离太阳最近的65颗恒星中有50颗是红矮星。例如離太陽最近的恆星,半人馬座的南門二比鄰星,便是一顆紅矮星,其光譜分類為M5,視星等11.0。 至2005年,人們首度在紅矮星身上,發現有太陽系外行星圍繞旋轉,第一顆行星的質量與海王星差不多,日距約為600萬公里(0.04天文單位),其表面度約為攝氏150°C。2006年,人們又發現一顆與土星差不多的行星繞著另一顆紅矮星旋轉,這顆行星的日距為3.9億公里(2.6天文單位),表面溫度為攝氏零下220°C。
Uses material from the Wikipedia article "紅矮星", which is released under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0.Astronomical object | 距离 | Wiki | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
7 Ceti | Star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, Variable Star | M | 447 | [x] |
Antares | Star, Double or multiple star, Star in Nebula, 电离氢区, Infra-Red source, 星际物质, 反射星雲, UV-emission source | M | 553 | [x] |
AU Microscopii | Star, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 33 | [x] |
Barnard's Star | Star, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 6 | [x] |
BD+21 652 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 37 | [x] |
Beta Gruis | Star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, UV-emission source, Variable Star | M | 177 | [x] |
Betelgeuse | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, 紅超巨星, sub-millimetric source, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star | M | 498 | [x] |
CD-37 15492 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 14 | [x] |
CM Draconis | Star, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, 聯星, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, 聯星, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 48 | [x] |
DT Virginis | Star, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable of RS CVn type, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 36 | [x] |
Epsilon Muscae | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable Star | M | 302 | [x] |
EQ Pegasi | Star, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 20 | [x] |
Eta Sagittarii | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star | M | 146 | [x] |
EZ Aquarii | Star, Double or multiple star, Variable of BY Dra type, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 11 | [x] |
F Centauri | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Variable Star | M | 494 | [x] |
G 139-21 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 42 | [x] |
G 99-49 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, X-ray source | M | 18 | [x] |
Gacrux | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 89 | [x] |
Gamma Hydri | Star, Infra-Red source, UV-emission source, Variable Star | M | 215 | [x] |
Gamma Phoenicis | Star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, High proper-motion Star, 聯星, Variable Star | M | 233 | [x] |
Gorgonea Tertia | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star | M | 308 | [x] |
Groombridge 34 | Star, 聯星, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 12 | [x] |
HR 2028 | Star, Infra-Red source, Variable Star | M | 771 | [x] |
IL Aquarii | Star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 15 | [x] |
KY Cygni | Star, 碳星, Infra-Red source, 長週期變星, 激微波, 紅超巨星, Variable Star | M | 5000 | [x] |
Lacaille 8760 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 13 | [x] |
Lacaille 9352 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Pre-main sequence Star, Variable Star | M | 11 | [x] |
Lalande 21185 | Star, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Rotationally variable Star, X-ray source | M | 9 | [x] |
LFT 6 | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 38 | [x] |
LHS 2 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 15 | [x] |
LHS 2037 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 38 | [x] |
LHS 2065 | Star, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Radio-source | M | 28 | [x] |
LHS 2335 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 58 | [x] |
LHS 2459 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 17 | [x] |
LHS 281 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 56 | [x] |
LHS 292 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 15 | [x] |
LHS 449 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Pre-main sequence Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 15 | [x] |
Luyten's Star | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 12 | [x] |
Mirach | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star | M | 197 | [x] |
Mu Aquilae | Star, Infra-Red source, Variable Star of Mira Cet type, Variable Star | M | 107 | [x] |
Nu Hydrae | Star, Infra-Red source, 長週期變星, Variable Star | M | 143 | [x] |
Propus | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, 聯星, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 120 | [x] |
R Centauri | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Variable Star of Mira Cet type, Variable Star | M | 1255 | [x] |
R Doradus | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable Star | M | 203 | [x] |
Rasalgethi | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, 聯星, Semi-regular pulsating Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 360 | [x] |
Ross 128 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 11 | [x] |
Ross 154 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 9 | [x] |
Ross 248 | Star, Variable of BY Dra type, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 10 | [x] |
Ross 33 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 30 | [x] |
Ross 780 | Star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 15 | [x] |
Ross 905 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, X-ray source | M | 33 | [x] |
S Persei | Star, Double or multiple star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, 激微波, 紅超巨星, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable Star | M | ... | [x] |
Stein 2051 | Star, Double or multiple star, High proper-motion Star | M | 18 | [x] |
Teegarden's Star | Star, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star | M | 12 | [x] |
TZ Arietis | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 15 | [x] |
UCAC2 23395816 | Star, Infra-Red source, Pre-main sequence Star, X-ray source | M | 473 | [x] |
UV Ceti | Star, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 8 | [x] |
V1581 Cygni | Star, Double or multiple star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 15 | [x] |
VV Cephei | Star, Double or multiple star, Eclipsing binary of Algol type (detached), Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, 聯星, Variable Star | M | 2452 | [x] |
VY Canis Majoris | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, 激微波, Pulsating variable Star, 紅超巨星, sub-millimetric source, Variable Star, Star suspected of Variability | M | 1833 | [x] |
W Cygni | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Semi-regular pulsating Star, Variable Star | M | 570 | [x] |
Wolf 1061 | Star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 14 | [x] |
Wolf 1329 | Star, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, X-ray source | M | 29 | [x] |
Wolf 359 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, UV-emission source, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 7 | [x] |
Wolf 424 | Star, Double or multiple star, Star in Cluster, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 14 | [x] |
Wolf 562 | Star, Variable of BY Dra type, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, Variable Star | M | 21 | [x] |
Yed Prior | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, UV-emission source, Variable Star | M | 171 | [x] |
YZ Ceti | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, High proper-motion Star, S Star, Variable Star, X-ray source | M | 12 | [x] |
Zaurak | Star, Double or multiple star, Infra-Red source, Long Period Variable, UV-emission source, Variable Star | M | 203 | [x] |
12 Cephei | Star, Star in Cluster, Infra-Red source | M | 458 | |
2e 604 | Star, 耀星, Infra-Red source, X-ray source | M | 68 | |
2MASS J03285769+3119481 | Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 1364 | |
2MASS J03290015+3121092 | Star, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 1187 | |
2MASS J03290794+3122515 | Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體, 初期恆星體 | M | 1322 | |
2MASS J03291018+3127159 | Star, Brown Dwarf (M<0.08solMass), 棕矮星, Infra-Red source, 初期恆星體 | M | 1253 | |
2MASS J03292204+3124153 | Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 1265 | |
2MASS J03293286+3127126 | Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體, 初期恆星體 | M | 1285 | |
2MASS J04293913+3516197 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2584 | |
2MASS J04294419+3512301 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2572 | |
2MASS J04294641+3519546 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2576 | |
2MASS J04294853+3512125 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2593 | |
2MASS J04295586+3510161 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2591 | |
2MASS J04295853+3516172 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2609 | |
2MASS J04300412+3516272 | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 2595 | |
2MASS J04300584+3517005 | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 2597 | |
2MASS J04300744+3517541 | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2554 | |
2MASS J04300782+3514091 | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 2596 | |
2MASS J04300819+3517234 | Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2553 | |
2MASS J04300897+3514325 | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 2575 | |
2MASS J04300995+3515377 | Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2573 | |
2MASS J04301274+3517210 | Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2577 | |
2MASS J04301307+3521397 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2566 | |
2MASS J04301631+3515238 | Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2551 | |
2MASS J04301658+3515419 | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2569 | |
2MASS J04301948+3517238 | Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 2604 | |
2MASS J04301984+3514208 | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2598 | |
2MASS J04301989+3514379 | Star, Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2611 | |
2MASS J04302267+3519081 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2612 | |
2MASS J04303043+3518338 | Star, Emission-line Star, Infra-Red source, X-ray source, 初期恆星體 | M | 2607 | |
2MASS J04303179+3511043 | Infra-Red source, Near-IR source (? < 10 ?m), 初期恆星體 | M | 2557 |